精华！《共产党宣言》是难能可贵的佳作！

第三章
Itisclearthat,uptonow,theforcesofproductionhaveneverbeendevelopedtothepointwhereenoughcouldbedevelopedforall,andthatprivatepropertyThePrinciplesofCommunism73hasbecomeafetterandabarrierinrelationtothefurtherdevelopmentoftheforcesofproduction.
Now,however,thedevelopmentofbigindustryhasusheredinanewperiod.Capitalandtheforcesofproductionhavebeenexpandedtoanunprecedentedextent,andthemeansareathandtomultiplythemwithoutlimitinthenearfuture.Moreover,theforcesofproductionhavebeenconcentratedinthehandsofafewbourgeois,whilethegreatmassofthepeoplearemoreandmorefallingintotheproletariat,theirsituationbecomingmorewretchedandintolerableinproportiontotheincreaseofwealthofthebourgeoisie.
Andfinally,thesemightyandeasilyextendedforcesofproductionhavesofaroutgrownprivatepropertyandthebourgeoisie,thattheythreatenatanymomenttounleashthemostviolentdisturbancesofthesocialorder.Now,undertheseconditions,theabolitionofprivatepropertyhasbecomenotonlypossiblebutabsolutelynecessary.
–16–Willthepeacefulabolitionofprivatepropertybepossible?
Itwouldbedesirableifthiscouldhappen,andthecommunistswouldcertainlybethelasttoopposeit.
Communistsknowonlytoowellthatallconspiraciesarenotonlyuseless,butevenharmful.Theyknowalltoowellthatrevolutionsarenotmadeintentionallyandarbitrarily,butthat,everywhereandalways,theyhavebeenthenecessaryconsequenceofconditionswhichwerewhollyindependentofthewillanddirectionofindividualpartiesandentireclasses.
Buttheyalsoseethatthedevelopmentoftheproletariatinnearlyallcivilizedcountrieshasbeenviolentlysuppressed,andthatinthiswaytheopponentsofcommunismhavebeenworking74MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYtowardarevolutionwithalltheirstrength.Iftheoppressedproletariatisfinallydriventorevolution,thenwecommunistswilldefendtheinterestsoftheproletarianswithdeedsaswenowdefendthemwithwords.
–17–Willitbepossibleforprivatepropertytobeabolishedatonestroke?
No,nomorethanexistingforcesofproductioncanatonestrokebemultipliedtotheextentnecessaryforthecreationofacommunalsociety.
Inallprobability,theproletarianrevolutionwilltransformexistingsocietygraduallyandwillbeabletoabolishprivatepropertyonlywhenthemeansofproductionareavailableinsufficientquantity.
–18–Whatwillbethecourseofthisrevolution?
Aboveall,itwillestablishademocraticconstitution,andthroughthis,thedirectorindirectdominanceoftheproletariat.DirectinEngland,wheretheproletariansarealreadyamajorityofthepeople.
IndirectinFranceandGermany,wherethemajorityofthepeopleconsistsnotonlyofproletarians,butalsoofsmallpeasantsandpettybourgeoiswhoareintheprocessoffallingintotheproletariat,whoaremoreandmoredependentinalltheirpoliticalinterestsontheproletariat,andwhomust,therefore,soonadapttothedemandsoftheproletariat.Perhapsthiswillcostasecondstruggle,buttheoutcomecanonlybethevictoryoftheproletariat.
DemocracywouldbewhollyvaluelesstotheproletariatifitwerenotimmediatelyusedasameansThePrinciplesofCommunism75forputtingthroughmeasuresdirectedagainstprivatepropertyandensuringthelivelihoodoftheproletariat.
Themainmeasures,emergingasthenecessaryresultofexistingrelations,arethefollowing:1.Limitationofprivatepropertythroughprogressivetaxation,heavyinheritancetaxes,abolitionofinheritancethroughcollaterallines(brothers,nephews,etc.)forcedloans,etc.2.Gradualexpropriationoflandowners,industrialists,railroadmagnatesandshipowners,partlythroughcompetitionbystateindustry,partlydirectlythroughcompensationintheformofbonds.3.Confiscationofthepossessionsofallemigrantsandrebelsagainstthemajorityofthepeople.4.Organizationoflabororemploymentofproletariansonpubliclyownedland,infactoriesandworkshops,withcompetitionamongtheworkersbeingabolishedandwiththefactoryowners,insofarastheystillexist,beingobligedtopaythesamehighwagesasthosepaidbythestate.5.Anequalobligationonallmembersofsocietytoworkuntilsuchtimeasprivatepropertyhasbeencompletelyabolished.Formationofindustrialarmies,especiallyforagriculture.6.Centralizationofmoneyandcreditinthehandsofthestatethroughanationalbankwithstatecapital,andthesuppressionofallprivatebanksandbankers.7.Increaseinthenumberofnationalfactories,workshops,railroads,ships;bringingnewlandsintocultivationandimprovementoflandalreadyundercultivation–allinproportiontothegrowthofthecapitalandlaborforceatthedisposalofthenation.
8.Educationofallchildren,fromthemomenttheycanleavetheirmother"scare,innationalestablishmentsatnationalcost.Educationandproductiontogether.
9.Construction,onpubliclands,ofgreatpalacesascommunaldwellingsforassociatedgroupsofcitizensengagedinbothindustryandagricultureandcombiningintheirwayoflifetheadvantagesofurbanandruralconditionswhileavoidingtheone-76MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYsidednessanddrawbacksofeach.10.Destructionofallunhealthyandjerry-builtdwellingsinurbandistricts.11.Equalinheritancerightsforchildrenborninandoutofwedlock.12.Concentrationofallmeansoftransportationinthehandsofthenation.Itisimpossible,ofcourse,tocarryoutallthesemeasuresatonce.Butonewillalwaysbringothersinitswake.
Oncethefirstradicalattackonprivatepropertyhasbeenlaunched,theproletariatwillfinditselfforcedtogoeverfurther,toconcentrateincreasinglyinthehandsofthestateallcapital,allagriculture,alltransport,alltrade.Alltheforegoingmeasuresaredirectedtothisend;andtheywillbecomepracticableandfeasible,capableofproducingtheircentralizingeffectstopreciselythedegreethattheproletariat,throughitslabor,multipliesthecountry"sproductiveforces.
Finally,whenallcapital,allproduction,allexchangehavebeenbroughttogetherinthehandsofthenation,privatepropertywilldisappearofitsownaccord,moneywillbecomesuperfluous,andproductionwillsoexpandandmansochangethatsocietywillbeabletosloughoffwhateverofitsoldeconomichabitsmayremain.
–19–Willitbepossibleforthisrevolutiontotakeplaceinonecountryalone?
No.Bycreatingtheworldmarket,bigindustryhasalreadybroughtallthepeoplesoftheEarth,andespeciallythecivilizedpeoples,intosuchcloserelationwithoneanotherthatnoneisindependentofwhathappenstotheothers.
Further,ithascoordinatedthesocialdevelopmentofthecivilizedcountriestosuchanextentthat,inallofthem,bourgeoisieandproletariathavebecometheThePrinciplesofCommunism77decisiveclasses,andthestrugglebetweenthemthegreatstruggleoftheday.Itfollowsthatthecommunistrevolutionwillnotmerelybeanationalphenomenonbutmusttakeplacesimultaneouslyinallcivilizedcountries–thatistosay,atleastinEngland,America,France,andGermany.
Itwilldevelopineachofthesecountriesmoreorlessrapidly,accordingasonecountryortheotherhasamoredevelopedindustry,greaterwealth,amoresignificantmassofproductiveforces.
Hence,itwillgoslowestandwillmeetmostobstaclesinGermany,mostrapidlyandwiththefewestdifficultiesinEngland.Itwillhaveapowerfulimpactontheothercountriesoftheworld,andwillradicallyalterthecourseofdevelopmentwhichtheyhavefolloweduptonow,whilegreatlysteppingupitspace.
Itisauniversalrevolutionandwill,accordingly,haveauniversalrange.
–20–Whatwillbetheconsequencesoftheultimatedisappearanceofprivateproperty?
Societywilltakeallforcesofproductionandmeansofcommerce,aswellastheexchangeanddistributionofproducts,outofthehandsofprivatecapitalistsandwillmanagetheminaccordancewithaplanbasedontheavailabilityofresourcesandtheneedsofthewholesociety.
Inthisway,mostimportantofall,theevilconsequenceswhicharenowassociatedwiththeconductofbigindustrywillbeabolished.
Therewillbenomorecrises;theexpandedproduction,whichforthepresentorderofsocietyisoverproductionandhenceaprevailingcauseofmisery,willthenbeinsufficientandinneedofbeing78MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYexpandedmuchfurther.Insteadofgeneratingmisery,overproductionwillreachbeyondtheelementaryrequirementsofsocietytoassurethesatisfactionoftheneedsofall;itwillcreatenewneedsand,atthesametime,themeansofsatisfyingthem.Itwillbecometheconditionof,andthestimulusto,newprogress,whichwillnolongerthrowthewholesocialorderintoconfusion,asprogresshasalwaysdoneinthepast.Bigindustry,freedfromthepressureofprivateproperty,willundergosuchanexpansionthatwhatwenowseewillseemaspettyincomparisonasmanufactureseemswhenputbesidethebigindustryofourownday.Thisdevelopmentofindustrywillmakeavailabletosocietyasufficientmassofproductstosatisfytheneedsofeveryone.
Thesamewillbetrueofagriculture,whichalsosuffersfromthepressureofprivatepropertyandisheldbackbythedivisionofprivatelyownedlandintosmallparcels.Here,existingimprovementsandscientificprocedureswillbeputintopractice,witharesultingleapforwardwhichwillassuretosocietyalltheproductsitneeds.
Inthisway,suchanabundanceofgoodswillbeabletosatisfytheneedsofallitsmembers.Thedivisionofsocietyintodifferent,mutuallyhostileclasseswillthenbecomeunnecessary.
Indeed,itwillbenotonlyunnecessarybutintolerableinthenewsocialorder.Theexistenceofclassesoriginatedinthedivisionoflabor,andthedivisionoflabor,asithasbeenknownuptothepresent,willcompletelydisappear.Formechanicalandchemicalprocessesarenotenoughtobringindustrialandagriculturalproductionuptothelevelwehavedescribed;thecapacitiesofthemenwhomakeuseoftheseprocessesmustundergoacorrespondingdevelopment.
JustasthepeasantsandmanufacturingworkersofthelastcenturychangedtheirwholewayoflifeThePrinciplesofCommunism79andbecamequitedifferentpeoplewhentheyweredrawnintobigindustry,inthesameway,communalcontroloverproductionbysocietyasawhole,andtheresultingnewdevelopment,willbothrequireanentirelydifferentkindofhumanmaterial.
Peoplewillnolongerbe,astheyaretoday,subordinatedtoasinglebranchofproduction,boundtoit,exploitedbyit;theywillnolongerdeveloponeoftheirfacultiesattheexpenseofallothers;theywillnolongerknowonlyonebranch,oronebranchofasinglebranch,ofproductionasawhole.Evenindustryasitistodayisfindingsuchpeoplelessandlessuseful.
Industrycontrolledbysocietyasawhole,andoperatedaccordingtoaplan,presupposeswellroundedhumanbeings,theirfacultiesdevelopedinbalancedfashion,abletoseethesystemofproductioninitsentirety.
Theformofthedivisionoflaborwhichmakesoneapeasant,anotheracobbler,athirdafactoryworker,afourthastock-marketoperator,hasalreadybeenunderminedbymachineryandwillcompletelydisappear.Educationwillenableyoungpeoplequicklytofamiliarizethemselveswiththewholesystemofproductionandtopassfromonebranchofproductiontoanotherinresponsetotheneedsofsocietyortheirowninclinations.Itwill,therefore,freethemfromtheone-sidedcharacterwhichthepresent-daydivisionoflaborimpressesuponeveryindividual.Communistsocietywill,inthisway,makeitpossibleforitsmemberstoputtheircomprehensivelydevelopedfacultiestofulluse.But,whenthishappens,classeswillnecessarilydisappear.Itfollowsthatsocietyorganizedonacommunistbasisisincompatiblewiththeexistenceofclassesontheonehand,andthattheverybuildingofsuchasocietyprovidesthemeansofabolishingclassdifferencesontheother.
Acorollaryofthisisthatthedifferencebetween80MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYcityandcountryisdestinedtodisappear.Themanagementofagricultureandindustrybythesamepeopleratherthanbytwodifferentclassesofpeopleis,ifonlyforpurelymaterialreasons,anecessaryconditionofcommunistassociation.Thedispersaloftheagriculturalpopulationontheland,alongsidethecrowdingoftheindustrialpopulationintothegreatcities,isaconditionwhichcorrespondstoanundevelopedstateofbothagricultureandindustryandcanalreadybefeltasanobstacletofurtherdevelopment.
Thegeneralco-operationofallmembersofsocietyforthepurposeofplannedexploitationoftheforcesofproduction,theexpansionofproductiontothepointwhereitwillsatisfytheneedsofall,theabolitionofasituationinwhichtheneedsofsomearesatisfiedattheexpenseoftheneedsofothers,thecompleteliquidationofclassesandtheirconflicts,theroundeddevelopmentofthecapacitiesofallmembersofsocietythroughtheeliminationofthepresentdivisionoflabor,throughindustrialeducation,throughengaginginvaryingactivities,throughtheparticipationbyallintheenjoymentsproducedbyall,throughthecombinationofcityandcountry–thesearethemainconsequencesoftheabolitionofprivateproperty.
–21–Whatwillbetheinfluenceofcommunistsocietyonthefamily?
Itwilltransformtherelationsbetweenthesexesintoapurelyprivatematterwhichconcernsonlythepersonsinvolvedandintowhichsocietyhasnooccasiontointervene.Itcandothissinceitdoesawaywithprivatepropertyandeducateschildrenonacommunalbasis,andinthiswayremovesthetwoThePrinciplesofCommunism81basesoftraditionalmarriage–thedependencerootedinprivateproperty,ofthewomenontheman,andofthechildrenontheparents.
Andhereistheanswertotheoutcryofthehighlymoralphilistinesagainstthe"communityofwomen".
Communityofwomenisaconditionwhichbelongsentirelytobourgeoissocietyandwhichtodayfindsitscompleteexpressioninprostitution.Butprostitutionisbasedonprivatepropertyandfallswithit.Thus,communistsociety,insteadofintroducingcommunityofwomen,infactabolishesit.
–22–Whatwillbetheattitudeofcommunismtoexistingnationalities?
Thenationalitiesofthepeoplesassociatingthemselvesinaccordancewiththeprincipleofcommunitywillbecompelledtominglewitheachotherasaresultofthisassociationandtherebytodissolvethemselves,justasthevariousestateandclassdistinctionsmustdisappearthroughtheabolitionoftheirbasis,privateproperty.
–23–Whatwillbeitsattitudetoexistingreligions?
Allreligionssofarhavebeentheexpressionofhistoricalstagesofdevelopmentofindividualpeoplesorgroupsofpeoples.Butcommunismisthestageofhistoricaldevelopmentwhichmakesallexistingreligionssuperfluousandbringsabouttheirdisappearance.
82MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY–24–Howdocommunistsdifferfromsocialists?
Theso-calledsocialistsaredividedintothreecategories.
Thefirstcategoryconsistsofadherentsofafeudalandpatriarchalsocietywhichhasalreadybeendestroyed,andisstilldailybeingdestroyed,bybigindustryandworldtradeandtheircreation,bourgeoissociety.Thiscategoryconcludes,fromtheevilsofexistingsociety,thatfeudalandpatriarchalsocietymustberestoredbecauseitwasfreeofsuchevils.Inonewayoranother,alltheirproposalsaredirectedtothisend.
（温馨提示：全文小说可点击文末卡片阅读）
Thiscategoryofreactionarysocialists,foralltheirseemingpartisanshipandtheirscaldingtearsforthemiseryoftheproletariat,isneverthelessenergeticallyopposedbythecommunistsforthefollowingreasons:1.Itstrivesforsomethingwhichisentirelyimpossible.2.Itseekstoestablishtheruleofthearistocracy,theguildmasters,thesmallproducers,andtheirretinueofabsoluteorfeudalmonarchs,officials,soldiers,andpriests–asocietywhichwas,tobesure,freeoftheevilsofpresent-daysocietybutwhichbroughtitatleastasmanyevilswithoutevenofferingtotheoppressedworkerstheprospectofliberationthroughacommunistrevolution.3.Assoonastheproletariatbecomesrevolutionaryandcommunist,thesereactionarysocialistsshowtheirtruecolorsbyimmediatelymakingcommoncausewiththebourgeoisieagainsttheproletarians.
Thesecondcategoryconsistsofadherentsofpresent-daysocietywhohavebeenfrightenedforitsfuturebytheevilstowhichitnecessarilygivesrise.
ThePrinciplesofCommunism83Whattheywant,therefore,istomaintainthissocietywhilegettingridoftheevilswhichareaninherentpartofit.
Tothisend,someproposemerewelfaremeasures–whileotherscomeforwardwithgrandiosesystemsofreformwhich,underthepretenseofre-organizingsociety,areinfactintendedtopreservethefoundations,andhencethelife,ofexistingsociety.
Communistsmustunremittinglystruggleagainstthesebourgeoissocialistsbecausetheyworkfortheenemiesofcommunistsandprotectthesocietywhichcommunistsaimtooverthrow.
Finally,thethirdcategoryconsistsofdemocraticsocialistswhofavorsomeofthesamemeasuresthecommunistsadvocate,asdescribedinQuestion18,notaspartofthetransitiontocommunism,however,butasmeasureswhichtheybelievewillbesufficienttoabolishthemiseryandevilsofpresent-daysociety.
Thesedemocraticsocialistsareeitherproletarianswhoarenotyetsufficientlyclearabouttheconditionsoftheliberationoftheirclass,ortheyarerepresentativesofthepettybourgeoisie,aclasswhich,priortotheachievementofdemocracyandthesocialistmeasurestowhichitgivesrise,hasmanyinterestsincommonwiththeproletariat.
Itfollowsthat,inmomentsofaction,thecommunistswillhavetocometoanunderstandingwiththesedemocraticsocialists,andingeneraltofollowasfaraspossibleacommonpolicywiththem–providedthatthesesocialistsdonotenterintotheserviceoftherulingbourgeoisieandattackthecommunists.
Itisclearthatthisformofco-operationinactiondoesnotexcludethediscussionofdifferences.
84MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY–25–Whatistheattitudeofthecommuniststotheotherpoliticalpartiesofourtime?
Thisattitudeisdifferentinthedifferentcountries.
InEngland,France,andBelgium,wherethebourgeoisierules,thecommunistsstillhaveacommoninterestwiththevariousdemocraticparties,aninterestwhichisallthegreaterthemorecloselythesocialisticmeasurestheychampionapproachtheaimsofthecommunists–thatis,themoreclearlyanddefinitelytheyrepresenttheinterestsoftheproletariatandthemoretheydependontheproletariatforsupport.InEngland,forexample,theworking-classChartistsareinfinitelyclosertothecommuniststhanthedemocraticpettybourgeoisieortheso-calledRadicals.
InAmerica,whereademocraticconstitutionhasalreadybeenestablished,thecommunistsmustmakethecommoncausewiththepartywhichwillturnthisconstitutionagainstthebourgeoisieanduseitintheinterestsoftheproletariat–thatis,withtheagrarianNationalReformers.
InSwitzerland,theRadicals,thoughaverymixedparty,aretheonlygroupwithwhichthecommunistscanco-operate,and,amongtheseRadicals,theVaudoisandGenevesearethemostadvanced.
InGermany,finally,thedecisivestrugglenowontheorderofthedayisthatbetweenthebourgeoisieandtheabsolutemonarchy.Sincethecommunistscannotenteruponthedecisivestrugglebetweenthemselvesandthebourgeoisieuntilthebourgeoisieisinpower,itfollowsthatitisintheinterestofthecommuniststohelpthebourgeoisietopowerassoonaspossibleinorderthesoonertobeabletooverthrowit.Againstthegovernments,therefore,thecommunistsmustcontinuallysupporttheradicalliberalparty,takingThePrinciplesofCommunism85caretoavoidtheself-deceptionsofthebourgeoisieandnotfallfortheenticingpromisesofbenefitswhichavictoryforthebourgeoisiewouldallegedlybringtotheproletariat.Thesoleadvantageswhichtheproletariatwouldderivefromabourgeoisvictorywouldconsist1.invariousconcessionswhichwouldfacilitatetheunificationoftheproletariatintoacloselyknit,battle-worthy,andorganizedclass;and2.inthecertainlythat,ontheverydaytheabsolutemonarchiesfall,thestrugglebetweenbourgeoisieandproletariatwillstart.Fromthatdayon,thepolicyofthecommunistswillbethesameasitnowisinthecountrieswherethebourgeoisieisalreadyinpower.
ABOUTDEMANDSOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYINGERMANYemandsoftheCommunistPartyinDGermany"waswrittenbyKarlMarxandFrederick"EngelsinParisbetweenMarch21(whenEngelsarrivedinParisfromBrussels)andMarch24,1848.ThisdocumentwasdiscussedbymembersoftheCentralAuthority,whoapprovedandsigneditasthepoliticalprogrammeoftheCommunistLeagueintherevolutionthatbrokeoutinGermany.InMarchitwasprintedasaleaflet,fordistributionamongrevolutionaryGermanemigrantworkerswhowereabouttoreturnhome.AustrianandGermandiplomatsinParisinformedtheirrespectivegovernmentsaboutthisasearlyasMarch27,28and29.(TheAustrianAmbassadorenclosedinhisletteracopyoftheleafletwhichhedated"March25".)TheleafletsoonreachedmembersoftheCommunistLeagueinothercountries,inparticular,GermanemigrantworkersinLondon.
EarlyinApril,the"DemandsoftheCommunistPartyinGermany"waspublishedinsuchGermandemocraticpapersasBerlinerZeitungs-Halle(specialsupplementtoNo.82,April5,1848),DüsseldorferZeitung(No.96,April5,1848),MannheimerAbendzeitung(No.96,April6,1848),Trier"scheZeitung(No.97,April6,1848,supplement),DeutscheAllgemeineZeitung(No.100,April9,1848,supplement),andZeitungfürdasdeutscheVolk(No.
21,April9,1848).MarxandEngels,wholeftforABOUTDEMANDS...87GermanyaboutApril6andsometimelatersettledinCologne,didtheirbestalongwiththeirfollowerstopopularizethisprogrammedocumentduringtherevolution.
In1848and1849itwasrepeatedlypublishedintheperiodicalpressandinleafletform.NotlaterthanSeptember10,1848,the"Demands"wasprintedinCologneasaleafletforcirculationbytheCologneWorkers"AssociationbothinthetownitselfandinanumberofdistrictsofRhenishPrussia.
Inadditiontominorstylisticchanges,point10inthetextoftheleafletwaswordeddifferentlyfromthatpublishedinMarch-April1848.AttheSecondDemocraticCongressheldinBerlininOctober1848,FriedrichBeust,delegatefromtheCologneWorkers"Association,spoke,onbehalfofthesocialquestioncommission,infavourofadoptingaprogrammeofactioncloselyfollowingthe"Demands".InNovemberandDecember1848,variouspointsofthe"Demands"werediscussedatmeetingsoftheCologneWorkers"Association.Manyeditionsofthe"Demands"publishedduringtherevolutionandafteritsdefeathavesurvivedtothisdayintheiroriginalform,someofthemascopieskeptinthepolicearchives.
Attheendof1848orthebeginningof1849anabridgedversionofthe"Demands"waspublishedinpamphletformbyWellerPublishersinLeipzig.Thesloganatthebeginningofthedocument,thesecondparagraphofpoint9andthelastsentenceofpoint10wereomitted,andthewords"TheCommittee"werenotincludedamongthesignatories.In1853,anabridgedversionofthe"Demands"wasprinted,togetherwithotherdocumentsoftheCommunistLeague,inthefirstpartofthebookDieCommunisten-VerschworungendesneunzehntenJahrhundertspublishedinBerlinforpurposesofinformationbyWermuthandStieber,twopoliceofficials,whostagedatrialagainsttheCommunistsinColognein88MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY1852.LaterEngelsreproducedthemainpointsofthe"Demands"inhisessayOntheHistoryoftheCommunistLeague,publishedinNovember1885inthenewspaperSozialdemokrat,andasanintroductiontothepamphlet:K.Marx,EnthüllungenüberdenKommunistenProzesszuK?ln,Hottingen-Zürich,1885.
Englishtranslationsofthe"DemandsoftheCommunistPartyinGermany"appearedinthecollections:TheCommunistManifestoofKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelswithanintroductionandexplanatorynotesbyD.Ryazanoff,MartinLawrence,London(1930);K.Marx,SelectedWorks,Vol.II,ed.V.Adoratsky,Moscow-Leningrad,Co-operativePublishingSocietyofForeignWorkersintheUSSR(1936);ibid.,NewYork(1936);BirthoftheCommunistManifesto,editedandannotated,withanIntroductionbyD.J.Struik,InternationalPublishers,NewYork,1971,andinotherpublications.ThetextisfromMECWVolume7,p.3.
DEMANDSOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYINGERMANY"Workersofallcountries,unite!"1.ThewholeofGermanyshallbedeclaredasingleandindivisiblerepublic.
2.EveryGerman,havingreachedtheageof21,shallhavetherighttovoteandtobeelected,providedhehasnotbeenconvictedofacriminaloffence.
3.Representativesofthepeopleshallreceivepaymentsothatworkers,too,shallbeabletobecomemembersoftheGermanparliament.
4.Universalarmingofthepeople.Infuturethearmiesshallbesimultaneouslylabourarmies,sothatthetroopsshallnot,asformerly,merelyconsume,butshallproducemorethanisnecessaryfortheirupkeep.
Thiswillmoreoverbeconducivetotheorganizationoflabour.
5.Legalservicesshallbefreeofcharge.
6.Allfeudalobligations,dues,corvées,tithesetc.,whichhavehithertoweighedupontheruralpopulation,shallbeabolishedwithoutcompensation.
7.Princelyandotherfeudalestates,togetherwithmines,pits,andsoforth,shallbecomethepropertyofthestate.Theestatesshallbecultivatedonalargescaleandwiththemostup-to-datescientificdevicesintheinterestsofthewholeofsociety.
8.Mortgagesonpeasantlandsshallbedeclaredthepropertyofthestate.Interestonsuchmortgagesshall90MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYbepaidbythepeasantstothestate.
9.Inlocalitieswherethetenantsystemisdeveloped,thelandrentorthequit-rentshallbepaidtothestateasatax.ThemeasuresspecifiedinNos.6,7,8and9aretobeadoptedinordertoreducethecommunalandotherburdenshithertoimposeduponthepeasantsandsmalltenantfarmerswithoutcurtailingthemeansavailablefordefrayingstateexpensesandwithoutimperilingproduction.Thelandownerinthestrictsense,whoisneitherapeasantnoratenantfarmer,hasnoshareinproduction.Consumptiononhispartis,therefore,nothingbutabuse.
10.Astatebank,whosepaperissuesarelegaltender,shallreplaceallprivatebanks.Thismeasurewillmakeitpossibletoregulatethecreditsystemintheinterestofthepeopleasawhole,andwillthusunderminethedominionofthebigfinancialmagnates.
Further,bygraduallysubstitutingpapermoneyforgoldandsilvercoin,theuniversalmeansofexchange(thatindispensableprerequisiteofbourgeoistradeandcommerce)willbecheapened,andgoldandsilverwillbesetfreeforuseinforeigntrade.Finally,thismeasureisnecessaryinordertobindtheinterestsoftheconservativebourgeoisietotheGovernment.
11.Allthemeansoftransport,railways,canals,steamships,roads,thepostsetc.shallbetakenoverbythestate.Theyshallbecomethepropertyofthestateandshallbeplacedfreeatthedisposaloftheimpecuniousclasses.
12.Allcivilservantsshallreceivethesamesalary,theonlyexceptionbeingthatcivilservantswhohaveafamilytosupportandwhothereforehavegreaterrequirements,shallreceiveahighersalary.
13.CompleteseparationofChurchandState.Theclergyofeverydenominationshallbepaidonlybythevoluntarycontributionsoftheircongregations.
14.Therightofinheritancetobecurtailed.
15.Theintroductionofsteeplygraduatedtaxes,andDemandsoftheCommunistPartyinGermany91theabolitionoftaxesonarticlesofconsumption.
16.Inaugurationofnationalworkshops.Thestateguaranteesalivelihoodtoallworkersandprovidesforthosewhoareincapacitatedforwork.
17.Universalandfreeeducationofthepeople.
ItistotheinterestoftheGermanproletariat,thepettybourgeoisieandthesmallpeasantstosupportthesedemandswithallpossibleenergy.OnlybytherealizationofthesedemandswillthemillionsinGermany,whohavehithertobeenexploitedbyahandfulofpersonsandwhomtheexploiterswouldliketokeepinfurthersubjection,wintherightsandattaintothatpowertowhichtheyareentitledastheproducersofallwealth.
TheCommitteeKarlMarx,KarlSchapper,H.Bauer,F.Engels,J.
Moll,W.WolffTHEPARISCOMMUNEAddresstotheInternationalWorkingmen"sAssociation,May1871he"ParisCommune"wascomposedbyKarlTMarxasanaddresstotheGeneralCounciloftheInternational,andincludedinabook,"TheCivilWarinFrance,"withtheaimofdistributingtoworkersofallcountriesaclearunderstandingofthecharacterandworld-widesignificanceoftheheroicstruggleoftheCommunardsandtheirhistoricalexperiencetolearnfrom.Thebookwaswidelycirculatedby1872,itwastranslatedintoseverallanguagesandpublishedthroughoutEuropeandtheUnitedStates.
ThefirstaddresswasdeliveredonJuly23rd,1870,fivedaysafterthebeginningoftheFranco-PrussianWar.Thesecondaddress,deliveredonSeptember9,1870,gaveahistoricaloverviewoftheeventsaweekafterthearmyofBonapartewasdefeated.Thethirdaddress,deliveredonMay30,1871,twodaysafterthedefeatoftheParisCommune–detailedthesignificanceandtheunderliningcausesofthefirstworkers"governmentevercreated.
TheCivilWarinFrancewasoriginallypublishedbyMarxasonlythethirdaddress,onlythefirsthalfofwhichisreproducedhere.In1891,onthe20thanniversaryoftheParisCommune,Engelsputtogetheranewcollectionofthework.EngelsdecidedtoincludethefirsttwoaddressesthatMarxmadetoTheParisCommune93theInternational.
TheAddressisincludedherebecauseitcanberegardedasanamendmenttotheManifesto,clarifyinganumberofissuesrelatingtothestatebasedontheexperienceoftheCommune.
OnthedawnofMarch18,Parisarosetothethunder-burstof"VivelaCommune!"WhatistheCommune,thatsphinxsotantalizingtothebourgeoismind?
"TheproletariansofParis,"saidtheCentralCommitteeinitsmanifestoofMarch18,"amidstthefailuresandtreasonsoftherulingclasses,haveunderstoodthatthehourhasstruckforthemtosavethesituationbytakingintotheirownhandsthedirectionofpublicaffairs....Theyhaveunderstoodthatitistheirimperiousduty,andtheirabsoluteright,torenderthemselvesmastersoftheirowndestinies,byseizinguponthegovernmentalpower."Buttheworkingclasscannotsimplylayholdoftheready-madestatemachinery,andwielditforitsownpurposes.
Thecentralizedstatepower,withitsubiquitousorgansofstandingarmy,police,bureaucracy,clergy,andjudicature–organswroughtaftertheplanofasystematicandhierarchicdivisionoflabor–originatesfromthedaysofabsolutemonarchy,servingnascentbourgeoissocietyasamightyweaponinitsstruggleagainstfeudalism.Still,itsdevelopmentremainedcloggedbyallmannerofmedievalrubbish,seignorialrights,localprivileges,municipalandguildmonopolies,andprovincialconstitutions.ThegiganticbroomoftheFrenchRevolutionofthe18thcenturysweptawayalltheserelicsofbygonetimes,thusclearingsimultaneouslythesocialsoilofitslasthindrancestothesuperstructureofthemodernstateedificeraisedundertheFirstEmpire,itselftheoffspringofthecoalitionwarsofoldsemi-feudalEuropeagainstmodernFrance.
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