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第二章
Andtheabolitionofthisstateofthingsiscalledbythebourgeois,abolitionofindividualityandfreedom!Andrightlyso.Theabolitionofbourgeoisindividuality,bourgeoisindependence,andbourgeoisfreedomisundoubtedlyaimedat.
Byfreedomismeant,underthepresentbourgeoisconditionsofproduction,freetrade,freesellingandbuying.
Butifsellingandbuyingdisappears,freesellingandbuyingdisappearsalso.Thistalkaboutfreesellingandbuying,andalltheother"bravewords"ofourbourgeoisaboutfreedomingeneral,haveameaning,ifany,onlyincontrastwithrestrictedsellingandbuying,withthefetteredtradersoftheManifestooftheCommunistParty21MiddleAges,buthavenomeaningwhenopposedtotheCommunisticabolitionofbuyingandselling,ofthebourgeoisconditionsofproduction,andofthebourgeoisieitself.
Youarehorrifiedatourintendingtodoawaywithprivateproperty.Butinyourexistingsociety,privatepropertyisalreadydoneawaywithfornine-tenthsofthepopulation;itsexistenceforthefewissolelyduetoitsnon-existenceinthehandsofthosenine-tenths.
Youreproachus,therefore,withintendingtodoawaywithaformofproperty,thenecessaryconditionforwhoseexistenceisthenon-existenceofanypropertyfortheimmensemajorityofsociety.
Inoneword,youreproachuswithintendingtodoawaywithyourproperty.Preciselyso;thatisjustwhatweintend.
Fromthemomentwhenlabourcannolongerbeconvertedintocapital,money,orrent,intoasocialpowercapableofbeingmonopolised,i.e.,fromthemomentwhenindividualpropertycannolongerbetransformedintobourgeoisproperty,intocapital,fromthatmoment,yousay,individualityvanishes.
Youmust,therefore,confessthatby"individual"youmeannootherpersonthanthebourgeois,thanthemiddle-classownerofproperty.Thispersonmust,indeed,besweptoutoftheway,andmadeimpossible.
Communismdeprivesnomanofthepowertoappropriatetheproductsofsociety;allthatitdoesistodeprivehimofthepowertosubjugatethelabourofothersbymeansofsuchappropriations.
Ithasbeenobjectedthatupontheabolitionofprivateproperty,allworkwillcease,anduniversallazinesswillovertakeus.
Accordingtothis,bourgeoissocietyoughtlongagotohavegonetothedogsthroughsheeridleness;forthoseofitsmemberswhowork,acquirenothing,andthosewhoacquireanythingdonotwork.Thewholeofthisobjectionisbutanotherexpressionofthe22MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYtautology:thattherecannolongerbeanywage-labourwhenthereisnolongeranycapital.
AllobjectionsurgedagainsttheCommunisticmodeofproducingandappropriatingmaterialproducts,have,inthesameway,beenurgedagainsttheCommunisticmodeofproducingandappropriatingintellectualproducts.Justas,tothebourgeois,thedisappearanceofclasspropertyisthedisappearanceofproductionitself,sothedisappearanceofclasscultureistohimidenticalwiththedisappearanceofallculture.
Thatculture,thelossofwhichhelaments,is,fortheenormousmajority,ameretrainingtoactasamachine.
Butdon"twranglewithussolongasyouapply,toourintendedabolitionofbourgeoisproperty,thestandardofyourbourgeoisnotionsoffreedom,culture,law,&c.Yourveryideasarebuttheoutgrowthoftheconditionsofyourbourgeoisproductionandbourgeoisproperty,justasyourjurisprudenceisbutthewillofyourclassmadeintoalawforall,awillwhoseessentialcharacteranddirectionaredeterminedbytheeconomicalconditionsofexistenceofyourclass.
Theselfishmisconceptionthatinducesyoutotransformintoeternallawsofnatureandofreason,thesocialformsspringingfromyourpresentmodeofproductionandformofproperty–historicalrelationsthatriseanddisappearintheprogressofproduction–thismisconceptionyousharewitheveryrulingclassthathasprecededyou.Whatyouseeclearlyinthecaseofancientproperty,whatyouadmitinthecaseoffeudalproperty,youareofcourseforbiddentoadmitinthecaseofyourownbourgeoisformofproperty.
Abolitionofthefamily!EventhemostradicalflareupatthisinfamousproposaloftheCommunists.
Onwhatfoundationisthepresentfamily,theManifestooftheCommunistParty23bourgeoisfamily,based?Oncapital,onprivategain.Initscompletelydevelopedform,thisfamilyexistsonlyamongthebourgeoisie.Butthisstateofthingsfindsitscomplementinthepracticalabsenceofthefamilyamongtheproletarians,andinpublicprostitution.
Thebourgeoisfamilywillvanishasamatterofcoursewhenitscomplementvanishes,andbothwillvanishwiththevanishingofcapital.
Doyouchargeuswithwantingtostoptheexploitationofchildrenbytheirparents?Tothiscrimewepleadguilty.
But,yousay,wedestroythemosthallowedofrelations,whenwereplacehomeeducationbysocial.
Andyoureducation!Isnotthatalsosocial,anddeterminedbythesocialconditionsunderwhichyoueducate,bytheinterventiondirectorindirect,ofsociety,bymeansofschools,&c.?TheCommunistshavenotinventedtheinterventionofsocietyineducation;theydobutseektoalterthecharacterofthatintervention,andtorescueeducationfromtheinfluenceoftherulingclass.
Thebourgeoisclap-trapaboutthefamilyandeducation,aboutthehallowedco-relationofparentsandchild,becomesallthemoredisgusting,themore,bytheactionofModernIndustry,allthefamilytiesamongtheproletariansaretornasunder,andtheirchildrentransformedintosimplearticlesofcommerceandinstrumentsoflabour.
ButyouCommunistswouldintroducecommunityofwomen,screamsthebourgeoisieinchorus.
Thebourgeoisseeshiswifeamereinstrumentofproduction.Hehearsthattheinstrumentsofproductionaretobeexploitedincommon,and,naturally,cancometonootherconclusionthatthelotofbeingcommontoallwilllikewisefalltothewomen.
Hehasnotevenasuspicionthattherealpointaimed24MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYatistodoawaywiththestatusofwomenasmereinstrumentsofproduction.
Fortherest,nothingismoreridiculousthanthevirtuousindignationofourbourgeoisatthecommunityofwomenwhich,theypretend,istobeopenlyandofficiallyestablishedbytheCommunists.
TheCommunistshavenoneedtointroducecommunityofwomen;ithasexistedalmostfromtimeimmemorial.
Ourbourgeois,notcontentwithhavingwivesanddaughtersoftheirproletariansattheirdisposal,nottospeakofcommonprostitutes,takethegreatestpleasureinseducingeachother"swives.
Bourgeoismarriageis,inreality,asystemofwivesincommonandthus,atthemost,whattheCommunistsmightpossiblybereproachedwithisthattheydesiretointroduce,insubstitutionforahypocriticallyconcealed,anopenlylegalizedcommunityofwomen.Fortherest,itisself-evidentthattheabolitionofthepresentsystemofproductionmustbringwithittheabolitionofthecommunityofwomenspringingfromthatsystem,i.e.,ofprostitutionbothpublicandprivate.
TheCommunistsarefurtherreproachedwithdesiringtoabolishcountriesandnationality.Theworkingmenhavenocountry.Wecannottakefromthemwhattheyhavenotgot.Sincetheproletariatmustfirstofallacquirepoliticalsupremacy,mustrisetobetheleadingclassofthenation,mustconstituteitselfthenation,itissofar,itselfnational,thoughnotinthebourgeoissenseoftheword.
Nationaldifferencesandantagonismbetweenpeoplesaredailymoreandmorevanishing,owingtothedevelopmentofthebourgeoisie,tofreedomofcommerce,totheworldmarket,touniformityinthemodeofproductionandintheconditionsoflifecorrespondingthereto.
ThesupremacyoftheproletariatwillcausethemManifestooftheCommunistParty25tovanishstillfaster.Unitedaction,oftheleadingcivilisedcountriesatleast,isoneofthefirstconditionsfortheemancipationoftheproletariat.
Inproportionastheexploitationofoneindividualbyanotherwillalsobeputanendto,theexploitationofonenationbyanotherwillalsobeputanendto.Inproportionastheantagonismbetweenclasseswithinthenationvanishes,thehostilityofonenationtoanotherwillcometoanend.
ThechargesagainstCommunismmadefromareligious,aphilosophicaland,generally,fromanideologicalstandpoint,arenotdeservingofseriousexamination.
Doesitrequiredeepintuitiontocomprehendthatman"sideas,views,andconception,inoneword,man"sconsciousness,changeswitheverychangeintheconditionsofhismaterialexistence,inhissocialrelationsandinhissociallife?
Whatelsedoesthehistoryofideasprove,thanthatintellectualproductionchangesitscharacterinproportionasmaterialproductionischanged?Therulingideasofeachagehaveeverbeentheideasofitsrulingclass.
Whenpeoplespeakoftheideasthatrevolutionisesociety,theydobutexpressthatfactthatwithintheoldsocietytheelementsofanewonehavebeencreated,andthatthedissolutionoftheoldideaskeepsevenpacewiththedissolutionoftheoldconditionsofexistence.
Whentheancientworldwasinitslastthroes,theancientreligionswereovercomebyChristianity.WhenChristianideassuccumbedinthe18thcenturytorationalistideas,feudalsocietyfoughtitsdeathbattlewiththethenrevolutionarybourgeoisie.Theideasofreligiouslibertyandfreedomofconsciencemerelygaveexpressiontotheswayoffreecompetitionwithinthedomainofknowledge.
26MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTY"Undoubtedly,"itwillbesaid,"religious,moral,philosophical,andjuridicalideashavebeenmodifiedinthecourseofhistoricaldevelopment.Butreligion,morality,philosophy,politicalscience,andlaw,constantlysurvivedthischange.""Thereare,besides,eternaltruths,suchasFreedom,Justice,etc.,thatarecommontoallstatesofsociety.
ButCommunismabolisheseternaltruths,itabolishesallreligion,andallmorality,insteadofconstitutingthemonanewbasis;itthereforeactsincontradictiontoallpasthistoricalexperience."Whatdoesthisaccusationreduceitselfto?Thehistoryofallpastsocietyhasconsistedinthedevelopmentofclassantagonisms,antagonismsthatassumeddifferentformsatdifferentepochs.
Butwhateverformtheymayhavetaken,onefactiscommontoallpastages,viz.,theexploitationofonepartofsocietybytheother.Nowonder,then,thatthesocialconsciousnessofpastages,despiteallthemultiplicityandvarietyitdisplays,moveswithincertaincommonforms,orgeneralideas,whichcannotcompletelyvanishexceptwiththetotaldisappearanceofclassantagonisms.
TheCommunistrevolutionisthemostradicalrupturewithtraditionalpropertyrelations;nowonderthatitsdevelopmentinvolvedthemostradicalrupturewithtraditionalideas.
ButletushavedonewiththebourgeoisobjectionstoCommunism.
Wehaveseenabove,thatthefirststepintherevolutionbytheworkingclassistoraisetheproletariattothepositionofrulingclasstowinthebattleofdemocracy.
Theproletariatwilluseitspoliticalsupremacytowrest,bydegree,allcapitalfromthebourgeoisie,tocentraliseallinstrumentsofproductioninthehandsoftheState,i.e.,oftheproletariatorganisedastherulingclass;andtoincreasethetotalproductiveforcesasManifestooftheCommunistParty27rapidlyaspossible.
Ofcourse,inthebeginning,thiscannotbeeffectedexceptbymeansofdespoticinroadsontherightsofproperty,andontheconditionsofbourgeoisproduction;bymeansofmeasures,therefore,whichappeareconomicallyinsufficientanduntenable,butwhich,inthecourseofthemovement,outstripthemselves,necessitatefurtherinroadsupontheoldsocialorder,andareunavoidableasameansofentirelyrevolutionisingthemodeofproduction.
Thesemeasureswill,ofcourse,bedifferentindifferentcountries.
Nevertheless,inmostadvancedcountries,thefollowingwillbeprettygenerallyapplicable.
1.Abolitionofpropertyinlandandapplicationofallrentsoflandtopublicpurposes.
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2.Aheavyprogressiveorgraduatedincometax.
3.Abolitionofallrightsofinheritance.
4.Confiscationofthepropertyofallemigrantsandrebels.
5.Centralisationofcreditinthehandsofthestate,bymeansofanationalbankwithStatecapitalandanexclusivemonopoly.
6.CentralisationofthemeansofcommunicationandtransportinthehandsoftheState.
7.ExtensionoffactoriesandinstrumentsofproductionownedbytheState;thebringingintocultivationofwaste-lands,andtheimprovementofthesoilgenerallyinaccordancewithacommonplan.
8.Equalliabilityofalltowork.Establishmentofindustrialarmies,especiallyforagriculture.
9.Combinationofagriculturewithmanufacturingindustries;gradualabolitionofallthedistinctionbetweentownandcountrybyamoreequabledistributionofthepopulaceoverthecountry.
10.Freeeducationforallchildreninpublicschools.
Abolitionofchildren"sfactorylabourinitspresentform.Combinationofeducationwithindustrial28MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYproduction,&c,&c.
When,inthecourseofdevelopment,classdistinctionshavedisappeared,andallproductionhasbeenconcentratedinthehandsofavastassociationofthewholenation,thepublicpowerwillloseitspoliticalcharacter.Politicalpower,properlysocalled,ismerelytheorganisedpowerofoneclassforoppressinganother.Iftheproletariatduringitscontestwiththebourgeoisieiscompelled,bytheforceofcircumstances,toorganiseitselfasaclass,if,bymeansofarevolution,itmakesitselftherulingclass,and,assuch,sweepsawaybyforcetheoldconditionsofproduction,thenitwill,alongwiththeseconditions,havesweptawaytheconditionsfortheexistenceofclassantagonismsandofclassesgenerally,andwilltherebyhaveabolisheditsownsupremacyasaclass.
Inplaceoftheoldbourgeoissociety,withitsclassesandclassantagonisms,weshallhaveanassociation,inwhichthefreedevelopmentofeachistheconditionforthefreedevelopmentofall.
III.SocialistandCommunistLiterature1.ReactionarySocialismA.FeudalSocialismOwingtotheirhistoricalposition,itbecamethevocationofthearistocraciesofFranceandEnglandtowritepamphletsagainstmodernbourgeoissociety.IntheFrenchRevolutionofJuly1830,andintheEnglishreformagitation4,thesearistocraciesagainsuccumbedtothehatefulupstart.Thenceforth,aseriouspoliticalstrugglewasaltogetheroutofthequestion.Aliterarybattlealoneremainedpossible.ButeveninthedomainofliteraturetheoldcriesoftherestorationperiodhadManifestooftheCommunistParty29becomeimpossible.*Inordertoarousesympathy,thearistocracywasobligedtolosesight,apparently,ofitsowninterests,andtoformulatetheirindictmentagainstthebourgeoisieintheinterestoftheexploitedworkingclassalone.Thus,thearistocracytooktheirrevengebysinginglampoonsontheirnewmastersandwhisperinginhisearssinisterprophesiesofcomingcatastrophe.
InthiswayarosefeudalSocialism:halflamentation,halflampoon;halfanechoofthepast,halfmenaceofthefuture;attimes,byitsbitter,wittyandincisivecriticism,strikingthebourgeoisietotheveryheart"score;butalwaysludicrousinitseffect,throughtotalincapacitytocomprehendthemarchofmodernhistory.
Thearistocracy,inordertorallythepeopletothem,wavedtheproletarianalms-baginfrontforabanner.
Butthepeople,sooftenasitjoinedthem,sawontheirhindquarterstheoldfeudalcoatsofarms,anddesertedwithloudandirreverentlaughter.
OnesectionoftheFrenchLegitimistsand"YoungEngland"exhibitedthisspectacle.Inpointingoutthattheirmodeofexploitationwasdifferenttothatofthebourgeoisie,thefeudalistsforgetthattheyexploitedundercircumstancesandconditionsthatwerequitedifferentandthatarenowantiquated.Inshowing*NottheEnglishRestoration(1660-1689),buttheFrenchRestoration(1814-1830).?ThisapplieschieflytoGermany,wherethelandedaristocracyandsquirearchyhavelargeportionsoftheirestatescultivatedfortheirownaccountbystewards,andare,moreover,extensivebeetroot-sugarmanufacturersanddistillersofpotatospirits.ThewealthierBritisharistocracyare,asyet,ratherabovethat;butthey,too,knowhowtomakeupfordecliningrentsbylendingtheirnamestofloatersormoreorlessshadyjoint-stockcompanies.30MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYthat,undertheirrule,themodernproletariatneverexisted,theyforgetthatthemodernbourgeoisieisthenecessaryoffspringoftheirownformofsociety.
Fortherest,solittledotheyconcealthereactionarycharacteroftheircriticismthattheirchiefaccusationagainstthebourgeoisamountstothis,thatunderthebourgeoisrégimeaclassisbeingdevelopedwhichisdestinedtocutuprootandbranchtheoldorderofsociety.
Whattheyupbraidthebourgeoisiewithisnotsomuchthatitcreatesaproletariatasthatitcreatesarevolutionaryproletariat.
Inpoliticalpractice,therefore,theyjoininallcoercivemeasuresagainsttheworkingclass;andinordinarylife,despitetheirhigh-falutinphrases,theystooptopickupthegoldenapplesdroppedfromthetreeofindustry,andtobartertruth,love,andhonour,fortrafficinwool,beetroot-sugar,andpotatospirits.?
Astheparsonhasevergonehandinhandwiththelandlord,sohasClericalSocialismwithFeudalSocialism.
NothingiseasierthantogiveChristianasceticismaSocialisttinge.HasnotChristianitydeclaimedagainstprivateproperty,againstmarriage,againsttheState?
Hasitnotpreachedintheplaceofthese,charityandpoverty,celibacyandmortificationoftheflesh,monasticlifeandMotherChurch?ChristianSocialismisbuttheholywaterwithwhichthepriestconsecratestheheart-burningsofthearistocrat.
B.Petty-BourgeoisSocialismThefeudalaristocracywasnottheonlyclassthatwasruinedbythebourgeoisie,nottheonlyclasswhoseconditionsofexistencepinedandperishedintheatmosphereofmodernbourgeoissociety.Themedievalburgessesandthesmallpeasantproprietorsweretheprecursorsofthemodernbourgeoisie.
ManifestooftheCommunistParty31Inthosecountrieswhicharebutlittledeveloped,industriallyandcommercially,thesetwoclassesstillvegetatesidebysidewiththerisingbourgeoisie.
Incountrieswheremoderncivilisationhasbecomefullydeveloped,anewclassofpettybourgeoishasbeenformed,fluctuatingbetweenproletariatandbourgeoisie,andeverrenewingitselfasasupplementarypartofbourgeoissociety.Theindividualmembersofthisclass,however,arebeingconstantlyhurleddownintotheproletariatbytheactionofcompetition,and,asmodernindustrydevelops,theyevenseethemomentapproachingwhentheywillcompletelydisappearasanindependentsectionofmodernsociety,tobereplacedinmanufactures,agricultureandcommerce,byoverlookers,bailiffsandshopmen.
IncountrieslikeFrance,wherethepeasantsconstitutefarmorethanhalfofthepopulation,itwasnaturalthatwriterswhosidedwiththeproletariatagainstthebourgeoisieshoulduse,intheircriticismofthebourgeoisrégime,thestandardofthepeasantandpettybourgeois,andfromthestandpointoftheseintermediateclasses,shouldtakeupthecudgelsfortheworkingclass.Thusarosepetty-bourgeoisSocialism.
Sismondiwastheheadofthisschool,notonlyinFrancebutalsoinEngland.
ThisschoolofSocialismdissectedwithgreatacutenessthecontradictionsintheconditionsofmodernproduction.Itlaidbarethehypocriticalapologiesofeconomists.Itproved,incontrovertibly,thedisastrouseffectsofmachineryanddivisionoflabour;theconcentrationofcapitalandlandinafewhands;overproductionandcrises;itpointedouttheinevitableruinofthepettybourgeoisandpeasant,themiseryoftheproletariat,theanarchyinproduction,thecryinginequalitiesinthedistributionofwealth,theindustrialwarofexterminationbetweennations,thedissolutionofoldmoralbonds,oftheoldfamilyrelations,oftheoldnationalities.
32MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYInitspositiveaims,however,thisformofSocialismaspireseithertorestoringtheoldmeansofproductionandofexchange,andwiththemtheoldpropertyrelations,andtheoldsociety,ortocrampingthemodernmeansofproductionandofexchangewithintheframeworkoftheoldpropertyrelationsthathavebeen,andwereboundtobe,explodedbythosemeans.
Ineithercase,itisbothreactionaryandUtopian.
Itslastwordsare:corporateguildsformanufacture;patriarchalrelationsinagriculture.Ultimately,whenstubbornhistoricalfactshaddispersedallintoxicatingeffectsofself-deception,thisformofSocialismendedinamiserablefitoftheblues.
C.Germanor"True"SocialismTheSocialistandCommunistliteratureofFrance,aliteraturethatoriginatedunderthepressureofabourgeoisieinpower,andthatwastheexpressionsofthestruggleagainstthispower,wasintroducedintoGermanyatatimewhenthebourgeoisie,inthatcountry,hadjustbegunitscontestwithfeudalabsolutism.
Germanphilosophers,would-bephilosophers,andbeauxesprits(menofletters),eagerlyseizedonthisliterature,onlyforgetting,thatwhenthesewritingsimmigratedfromFranceintoGermany,Frenchsocialconditionshadnotimmigratedalongwiththem.IncontactwithGermansocialconditions,thisFrenchliteraturelostallitsimmediatepracticalsignificanceandassumedapurelyliteraryaspect.
Thus,totheGermanphilosophersoftheEighteenthCentury,thedemandsofthefirstFrenchRevolutionwerenothingmorethanthedemandsof"PracticalReason"ingeneral,andtheutteranceofthewilloftherevolutionaryFrenchbourgeoisiesignified,intheireyes,thelawsofpureWill,ofWillasitwasboundtobe,oftruehumanWillgenerally.
ManifestooftheCommunistParty33TheworkoftheGermanliteraticonsistedsolelyinbringingthenewFrenchideasintoharmonywiththeirancientphilosophicalconscience,orrather,inannexingtheFrenchideaswithoutdesertingtheirownphilosophicpointofview.
Thisannexationtookplaceinthesamewayinwhichaforeignlanguageisappropriated,namely,bytranslation.
ItiswellknownhowthemonkswrotesillylivesofCatholicSaintsoverthemanuscriptsonwhichtheclassicalworksofancientheathendomhadbeenwritten.TheGermanliteratireversedthisprocesswiththeprofaneFrenchliterature.TheywrotetheirphilosophicalnonsensebeneaththeFrenchoriginal.
Forinstance,beneaththeFrenchcriticismoftheeconomicfunctionsofmoney,theywrote"AlienationofHumanity",andbeneaththeFrenchcriticismofthebourgeoisstatetheywrote"DethronementoftheCategoryoftheGeneral",andsoforth.
TheintroductionofthesephilosophicalphrasesatthebackoftheFrenchhistoricalcriticisms,theydubbed"PhilosophyofAction","TrueSocialism","GermanScienceofSocialism","PhilosophicalFoundationofSocialism",andsoon.
TheFrenchSocialistandCommunistliteraturewasthuscompletelyemasculated.And,sinceitceasedinthehandsoftheGermantoexpressthestruggleofoneclasswiththeother,hefeltconsciousofhavingovercome"Frenchone-sidedness"andofrepresenting,nottruerequirements,buttherequirementsofTruth;nottheinterestsoftheproletariat,buttheinterestsofHumanNature,ofManingeneral,whobelongstonoclass,hasnoreality,whoexistsonlyinthemistyrealmofphilosophicalfantasy.
ThisGermansocialism,whichtookitsschoolboytasksoseriouslyandsolemnly,andextolleditspoorstock-in-tradeinsuchamountebankfashion,meanwhilegraduallylostitspedanticinnocence.
34MANIFESTOOFTHECOMMUNISTPARTYThefightoftheGermans,andespeciallyofthePrussianbourgeoisie,againstfeudalaristocracyandabsolutemonarchy,inotherwords,theliberalmovement,becamemoreearnest.
Bythis,thelong-wishedforopportunitywasofferedto"True"SocialismofconfrontingthepoliticalmovementwiththeSocialistdemands,ofhurlingthetraditionalanathemasagainstliberalism,againstrepresentativegovernment,againstbourgeoiscompetition,bourgeoisfreedomofthepress,bourgeoislegislation,bourgeoislibertyandequality,andofpreachingtothemassesthattheyhadnothingtogain,andeverythingtolose,bythisbourgeoismovement.
GermanSocialismforgot,inthenickoftime,thattheFrenchcriticism,whosesillyechoitwas,presupposedtheexistenceofmodernbourgeoissociety,withitscorrespondingeconomicconditionsofexistence,andthepoliticalconstitutionadaptedthereto,theverythingsthoseattainmentwastheobjectofthependingstruggleinGermany.
Totheabsolutegovernments,withtheirfollowingofparsons,professors,countrysquires,andofficials,itservedasawelcomescarecrowagainstthethreateningbourgeoisie.
Itwasasweetfinish,afterthebitterpillsoffloggingandbullets,withwhichthesesamegovernments,justatthattime,dosedtheGermanworking-classrisings.
Whilethis"True"SocialismthusservedthegovernmentasaweaponforfightingtheGermanbourgeoisie,it,atthesametime,directlyrepresentedareactionaryinterest,theinterestofGermanPhilistines.
InGermany,thepetty-bourgeoisclass,arelicofthesixteenthcentury,andsincethenconstantlycroppingupagainunderthevariousforms,istherealsocialbasisoftheexistingstateofthings.
TopreservethisclassistopreservetheexistingstateofthingsinGermany.TheindustrialandpoliticalsupremacyofthebourgeoisiethreatensitwithcertainManifestooftheCommunistParty35destruction–ontheonehand,fromtheconcentrationofcapital;ontheother,fromtheriseofarevolutionaryproletariat."True"Socialismappearedtokillthesetwobirdswithonestone.Itspreadlikeanepidemic.
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